In the shadow of the Gwalior Fort lies a pair of enchanting temples known as the Sas-Bahu Temples, or the “Mother-in-law and Daughter-in-law” temples. Built in 1093 by King Mahipala of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty, these twin structures hold a fascinating history and showcase the architectural prowess of early medieval India. Despite suffering damages during invasions, the temples retain intricate carvings and unique designs that continue to captivate visitors and scholars alike.
A Glimpse into the Sas-Bahu Temples
The Sas-Bahu Temples get their unique names from the larger (Sas) and smaller (Bahu) temples, referring to “mother-in-law” and “daughter-in-law,” respectively. While both temples are dedicated to Vishnu, they display unique architectural styles. These temples are famous for their carved exteriors, elaborately designed mandapas, and stunning pillars, all of which reflect the North Indian Bhumija architectural style.
The Larger Temple: The Sas Temple
The Sas temple, or the “mother-in-law” temple, is the larger of the two and was designed to awe. Built in the shape of a cross, the temple measures 100 feet from north to south and 63 feet from east to west. Despite losing its original towering structure, which would have likely been over 100 feet, the temple still stands tall at approximately 70 feet.
The Sas temple rests on a high plinth of around 10-12 feet and includes three floors. Its floor plan consists of five parts:
- Ardha Mandapa (Half Hall) – A small entryway
- Madhya Mandapa (Middle Hall) – The connecting area
- Maha Mandapa (Great Hall) – The central gathering area
- Antarala (Inner Chamber) – The passage to the sanctum
- Garbha Griha (Sanctum) – The sacred area housing Vishnu
A key feature of this temple is its triple-story structure and open central hall, which spans 30 feet 10 inches and is supported by four pillars that help bear the weight of its pyramidal roof. The intricate roof design, made by layering circular rows of stones, is an architectural marvel, and the entire temple exterior is adorned with ornate carvings of Hindu deities, particularly Vishnu. The carvings on the pillars depict scenes from various Hindu legends and are interwoven with Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism symbols, adding to its spiritual and artistic depth.
The Smaller Temple: The Bahu Temple
The Bahu temple, or the “daughter-in-law” temple, is smaller and simpler but equally captivating. Built on a large bastion to the east of the Sas temple, it is a single-story structure with a cross-shaped layout. The Bahu temple’s sanctum is missing, yet its exquisite maha mandapa (great hall) remains. This square hall, measuring 23 feet 4 inches, is supported by 12 intricately designed pillars with octagonal bases. The entrance porch, supported by two pillars, and the small open porches on either side, bring symmetry to the structure.
Much like its larger counterpart, the Bahu temple’s external roof forms a low pyramid, constructed by overlapping circles in an octagonal pattern. The entrance doorway is especially striking, with carvings of Vishnu standing on Garuda, flanked by Brahma holding the Vedas and Shiva with his trident. This temple’s decoration mirrors the larger one in style, though on a more modest scale.
Architectural and Cultural Significance
The architectural design of the Sas-Bahu temples reflects a sophisticated understanding of geometry and structure. The use of overlapping circles, octagonal bases, and cruciform layouts were advanced techniques for the time. The sculptural details, despite the damage, showcase artisanship of the highest order, with detailed carvings of dancing girls, deities, and mythical scenes. These temples are a blend of the Bhumija style prominent in North India and unique regional influences.
The temples also bear a significant cultural narrative. They embody the unity of the three main Hindu sects—Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism—through their symbolic carvings, suggesting a syncretic approach to spirituality in medieval India. The temples’ dedication to Vishnu is further reinforced by inscriptions invoking Padmanatha, one of Vishnu’s titles, attesting to the site’s religious importance.
Enduring Legacy of the Sas-Bahu Temples
Today, the Sas-Bahu Temples stand as a testament to the resilience of India’s architectural heritage, offering insights into the beliefs, culture, and craftsmanship of the 11th century. These temples, though partially damaged, have endured the test of time and remain a testament to India’s storied past.
A visit to the Sas-Bahu temples not only offers a journey back in time but also an appreciation for the enduring legacy of India’s ancient artisans. For anyone with an interest in history, architecture, or spirituality, these temples are a must-visit, providing an inspiring glimpse into the ingenuity and devotion that shaped India’s architectural heritage.
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